5 MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES 502/504 Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection against them 502 The environment and its protection 502.3/.7 Parts of the environment 504 Threats to the environment 51 Mathematics 510 Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics 510.2 General problems of mathematical logic. Foundations of mathematics 510.3 Set theory 510.6 Mathematical logic 511 Number theory 512 Algebra 514 Geometry 514.7 Differential geometry. Algebraic and analytic methods in geometry 515.1 Topology 517 Analysis 517.9 Differential equations. Integral equations. Other functional equations. Finite differences. Calculus of variations. Functional analysis 519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics 519.6 Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis 519.7 Mathematical cybernetics 519.8 Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods 519.83 Game theory 519.85 Mathematical programming 52 Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy 520 Astronomical instruments and techniques 521 Theoretical astronomy. Celestial mechanics 521.9 Astrometry. Spherical astronomy 523 The Solar System 523.3 Earth-Moon system 523.4 Planets and their satellites. Planetology 523.6 Interplanetary medium. Comets. Meteors. Meteorites 523.9 The Sun. Solar physics 524 Stars. Stellar systems. The Universe 524.1 Cosmic rays. Primary cosmic rays 524.3 Stars 524.4 Star clusters. Associations of stars 524.5 Interstellar medium. Galactic nebulae 524.6 The Galaxy (Milky Way) 524.7 Extragalactic systems 524.8 The Universe. Metagalaxy. Cosmology 528 Geodesy. Surveying. Photogrammetry. Remote sensing. Cartography 528.1 Theory of errors and adjustment in geodesy and photogrammetry 528.2 Figure of the Earth. Earth measurement. Mathematical geodesy. Physical geodesy. Astronomical geodesy 528.3 Geodetic surveying 528.4 Field surveying. Land surveying. Cadastral survey. Topography. Engineering survey. Special fields of surveying 528.5 Geodetic instruments and equipment 528.7 Photogrammetry: aerial, terrestrial 528.8 Remote sensing 528.9 Cartography. Mapping (textual documents) 53 Physics 53.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for physics 53.01 Theory and nature of phenomena 53.02 General laws of phenomena 53.03 Production and causes of phenomena 53.04 Effects of phenomena 53.05 Observation and recording of phenomena. Visual indication of phenomena 53.06 Application, utilization of phenomena 53.07 Apparatus for production and study of phenomena 53.08 General principles and theory of measurement and the design of measuring apparatus. Measurement methods 53.09 Dependence of phenomena on certain fundamental physical effects 531/534 Mechanics 531 General mechanics. Mechanics of solid and rigid bodies 531-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for mechanics 531-1 One-dimensional. Lines 531-2 Two-dimensional. Planes. Surfaces 531-3 Three-dimensional. Bodies. Spaces 531-4 Hyperspace (space of more than three dimensions) 531-9 Non-Euclidean spaces 531.1 Kinematics. Mathematical-mechanical geometry of motion 531.2 Statics. Forces. Equilibrium. Attraction 531.3 Dynamics. Kinetics 531.4 Work. Weight. Mass. Friction. Passive resistance 531.5 Gravity. Gravitation. Pendulums. Ballistics 531.6 Mechanical energy. Conservation of mechanical energy 531.7 Measurement of geometric and mechanical quantities: instruments, methods and units 531.8 Theory of machines. Technical mechanics in general 532 Fluid mechanics in general. Mechanics of liquids (hydromechanics) 532.1 Hydrostatics in general 532.2 Equilibrium of liquids 532.3 Immersed bodies (submerged bodies). Floating bodies 532.5 Liquid motion. Hydrodynamics 532.6 Surface phenomena. Surface tension. Capillarity 532.7 Kinetic theory of liquids. Osmosis. Solution and solutions 533 Mechanics of gases. Aeromechanics. Plasma physics 533.1 Properties of gases 533.2 Elasticity. Compressibility. Liquefaction. Gas mixing. Gaseous mixtures 533.5 Rarefied gases. Vacuum physics 533.6 Aerodynamics 533.7 Kinetic theory of gases. Continuity of state 533.9 Plasma physics 534 Vibrations. Waves. Acoustics 534.1 Vibration of bodies. Excitation of vibrations. Vibratory formations with distributed mass and elasticity 534.2 Propagation of vibrations. Processes in the acoustic field 534.3 Musical sounds and perception 534.4 Analysis and synthesis of sounds 534.5 Composition of vibrations 534.6 Acoustic measurements 534.7 Physiological acoustics. Medical acoustics 534.8 Applications of acoustics (theory) 535 Optics 535-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for optics 535-1/-3 Radiation according to wavelength. Hertzian waves. Light colours 535-1 Long waves. Infrared 535-2 Visible light. Colours 535-3 Short waves 535-4 Polarized light 535-5 Natural light 535-6 Partially polarized light 535-7 Totally reflected light 535.1 Theory of light 535.2 Propagation and energetics of radiation. Photometry 535.3 Propagation. Reflection. Refraction. Absorption. Emission 535.4 Interference. Diffraction. Scattering by diffraction 535.5 Polarization. Double refraction. Dispersion in anisotropic bodies 535.6 Colours and their properties. Colour theory 535.8 Applications of optics in general 536 Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics 536.1 General theory of heat 536.2 Heat conduction. Heat transfer 536.3 Effect of bodies on heat radiation 536.4 Effect of heat input and temperature on volume and structure of bodies 536.5 Temperature. Temperature scales. Temperature measurement. Thermometers. Temperature control 536.6 Measurement of heat quantity. Calorimetry 536.7 Thermodynamics. Energetics 537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism 537.2 Static electricity. Electrostatics 537.3 Current electricity. Electric current. Electrokinetics 537.5 Electron and ion phenomena 537.6/.8 Magnetism. Electromagnetism 537.6 Magnetism 537.8 Electromagnetism. Electromagnetic field. Electrodynamics 538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics 539 Physical nature of matter 539.1 Nuclear physics. Atomic physics. Molecular physics 539.2 Properties and structure of molecular systems 539.3 Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids 539.4 Strength. Resistance to stress 539.5 Properties of materials affecting deformability 539.6 Intermolecular forces 539.8 Other physico-mechanical effects 54 Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy 54-1/-4 Special auxiliary subdivision for state of substance, chemicals 54-1 State of substance 54-3 Particular kinds of compound 54-4 Chemicals. Reagents 54.01/.08 Special auxiliary subdivision for composition, production, preparation and analysis 54.01 Chemical substances and systems. Origin. Occurrence. Phases 54.02 Composition. Structure. Isotopes 54.05 Production. Preparation. Isolation. Purification etc. 54.06 Analysis, investigation and handling in general 54.07 Apparatus and equipment for preparation, investigation and analysis 54.08 Measurement principles, methods, techniques. Instrumentation 542 Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry 542.1 Chemical laboratories 542.2 Laboratory apparatus and instrumentation in general. Laboratory methods in general 542.3 Measurement of weight, mass. Measurement of volume 542.4 Heat and cold application 542.5 Use of flames. Blowlamps 542.6 Working with liquids 542.7 Working with gases 542.8 Physical, physicochemical and electrical operations 542.9 Chemical reactions. Special chemical processes 543 Analytical chemistry 543.2 Chemical methods of analysis 543.3 Water sampling and analysis 543.4 Spectral analysis methods. Optical analysis methods 543.5 Physicochemical methods of analysis (other than optical methods) 543.6 Analysis of different substances. Analytical control in production conditions 543.9 Analysis by biological and biochemical reactions. Biological methods used for analytical purposes 544 Physical chemistry 544.01/.07 Special auxiliary subdivision for physical chemistry 544.01 Chemical substances and systems. Origin. Natural state. Phases 544.02 Chemical composition. Structure. Isotopes etc. 544.03 Physical properties and phenomena. Constants. Effects acting on state and properties of matter 544.07 Instruments and equipment 544.1 Chemical structure of matter 544.2 Physical chemistry of solids, liquids and gases 544.3 Chemical thermodynamics 544.4 Chemical kinetics. Catalysis 544.5 Chemistry of high energy processes 544.6 Electrochemistry 544.7 Chemistry of surface phenomena and colloids 546 Inorganic chemistry 546.1 Nonmetals and metalloids in general 546.3 Metals in general 547 Organic chemistry 547.1 Classification of organic compounds. Element-organic compounds 548/549 Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy 548 Crystallography 548.1 Mathematical crystallography. Continuum theory of crystals 548.2 Crystal growths. Crystalline aggregates 548.3 Crystal chemistry 548.4 Irregularities in crystals 548.5 Formation, growth and solution of crystals 548.7 Fine structure of crystals. Discontinuum theory of crystals 549 Mineralogy. Special study of minerals 549.2/.8 Systematic mineralogy 549.2 Native elements and alloys 549.3 Sulphides. Sulpho-salts 549.4 Halides 549.5 Oxygen compounds 549.6 Silicates. Titanates. Zirconates. Stannates 549.7 Other compounds of oxyacids 549.8 Organic minerals 55 Earth Sciences. Geological sciences 550 Ancillary sciences of geology 550.1 Physiography 550.2 Geoastronomy. Cosmogony 550.3 Geophysics 550.4 Geochemistry 550.7 Geobiology. Geological actions of organisms 550.8 Applied geology and geophysics. Geological prospecting and exploration. Interpretation of results 550.93 Geochronology. Geological dating. Determination of absolute geological age 551 General geology. Meteorology. Climatology. Historical geology. Stratigraphy. Palaeogeography 551.1/.4 General geology 551.1 General structure of the Earth 551.2 Internal geodynamics (endogenous processes) 551.21 Vulcanicity. Vulcanism. Volcanoes. Eruptive phenomena. Eruptions 551.24 Geotectonics 551.3 External geodynamics (exogenous processes) 551.32 Glaciology 551.4 Geomorphology. Study of the Earth's physical forms 551.44 Speleology. Caves. Fissures. Underground waters 551.46 Physical oceanography. Submarine topography. Ocean floor 551.5 Meteorology 551.58 Climatology 551.7 Historical geology. Stratigraphy 551.8 Palaeogeography 552 Petrology. Petrography 552.1 Rock characteristics and properties generally. Physical and physicochemical petrology 552.3/.6 Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic petrology 552.3 Magmatic rocks. Igneous rocks 552.4 Metamorphic rocks 552.5 Sedimentary rocks 552.6 Meteorites 553 Economic geology. Mineral deposits 553.2 Ore formation. Mineral formation 553.3/.9 Ore and other mineral deposits. Natural resources 553.3 Ore deposits (metalliferous mineral deposits) in general. Iron and manganese ores 553.4 Ore deposits other than iron and manganese 553.5 Natural stone deposits 553.6 Deposits of various inorganic economic minerals and earths (mainly nonmetalliferous) 553.7 Mineral springs 553.8 Deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Gemstone deposits 553.9 Deposits of carbonaceous rocks. Hydrocarbon deposits 556 Hydrosphere. Water in general. Hydrology 556.3 Groundwater hydrology. Geohydrology. Hydrogeology 556.5 Surface-water hydrology. Land hydrology 56 Palaeontology 57 Biological sciences in general 57.01/.08 Special auxiliary subdivision for theoretical aspects, characteristics, factors, etc. in biology 57.01 General laws. Theoretical aspects. Characteristics. Properties 57.02 Biological and ethological processes 57.03 Pattern of property variations 57.04 Factors. Influences 57.05 Characteristics dependent on control processes. Principles of control processes at various levels 57.06 Nomenclature and classification of organisms. Taxonomy 57.07 Analytical palaeontology 57.08 Biological techniques, experimental methods and equipment in general 572 Physical anthropology 572.1/.4 Anthropogeny. Human development in general. Origin of the human species 572.9 Special anthropogeography. Individual human ancestry groups 573 General and theoretical biology 574 General ecology and biodiversity 575 General genetics. General cytogenetics 576 Cellular and subcellular biology. Cytology 577 Material bases of life. Biochemistry. Molecular biology. Biophysics 578 Virology 579 Microbiology 579.2 General microbiology 579.6 Applied microbiology 579.8 Classification and systematics of microorganisms 58 Botany 581 General botany 581.1 Plant physiology 581.2 Plant diseases. Plant pathology. Phytopathology 581.3 Embryology of plants 581.4 Plant morphology. Plant anatomy 581.5 Habits of plants. Plant behaviour. Plant ecology. Plant ethology. The plant and its environment. Bionomics of plants 581.6 Applied botany. Use of plants. Technobotany. Economic botany 581.8 Plant histology 581.9 Geographic botany. Plant geography (phytogeography). Floras. Geographic distribution of plants 582 Systematic botany 582.091/.099 Special auxiliary subdivisions for classification of plants according to size and form 582.091 Trees (large woody plants with trunk) 582.093 Shrubs (smaller woody plants without single trunk) 582.095 Undergrowth. Undershrubs (e.g. brambles - Rosoideae) 582.097 Woody climbers (e.g. ivy - Araliaceae) 582.099 Herbaceous or non-woody plants (often called 'plants' or 'flowers') 582.23 Bacteria (as plants) 582.24 Protista (protists). Chromista 582.261/.279 Algae 582.28 Fungi. Eumycota / Eumycetes (true fungi). Moulds 582.29 Lichens 582.32/.998 Plantae (plants) 582.32 Bryophyta (Musci) 582.361/.99 Tracheophyta (vascular plants) 582.37/.39 Pteridophyta. Ferns. Fern allies. Fernlike spore plants 582.4 Spermatophyta (phanerogams / seed plants) 582.42/.49 Gymnosperms (naked seed plants) 582.44 Cycadophyta (cycads). Cycadopsida 582.46 Ginkgophyta. Ginkgoopsida. Ginkgoales 582.47 Pinophyta / Coniferae (conifers). Pinopsida 582.5/.9 Magnoliophyta (angiosperms / covered seed plants) 582.5 Monocotyledoneae / Liliopsida (monocotyledons / monocots) 582.51 Arecales (palms). Pandanales. Acorales. Petrosaviales 582.53 Alismatales 582.54/.56 Commelinids 582.54 Poales 582.56 Zingiberales 582.57 Liliales / Liliiflorae 582.58 Asparagales 582.6/.9 Dicotyledoneae / Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons / dicots) 582.62 Fagales 582.622 Betulaceae (birch family) 582.623 Fagaceae (beech family) 582.628 Juglandaceae (walnut family) 582.63 Rosales 582.634 Moraceae (mulberry family) 582.637 Ulmaceae (elm family) 582.639 Rosaceae (rose family) 582.65 Nymphaeales. Ranunculales. Sabiales 582.66 Caryophyllales / Centrospermae 582.67 Magnoliids (scientifically outdated) 582.672 Piperales 582.673 Laurales 582.677 Magnoliales 582.68 Dilleniidae (scientifically outdated) 582.681 Malpighiales 582.682 Cucurbitales 582.683 Brassicales / Capparidales / Capparales 582.685 Malvales 582.688 Ericales 582.7 Rosidae (rosids) 582.70 Saxifragales 582.73 Fabales 582.74 Sapindales 582.75 Geraniales 582.77 Myrtales 582.79 Apiales 582.82 Vitales 582.9 Asteridae (asterids) 582.92 Gentianales 582.93 Solanales 582.94 Lamiales 582.99 Asterales 59 Zoology 591 General zoology 591.1 Animal physiology 591.2 Diseases of (undomesticated) animals. Animal pathology 591.3 Animal embryology. Animal ontogeny. Development of the individual organism 591.4 Study of animal organs. Animal organology. Animal anatomy. Zootomy 591.5 Animal habits. Animal behaviour. Ecology. Ethology. Animal and environment. Bionomy 591.6 Economic zoology. Applied zoology 591.8 Animal histology 591.9 Geographic zoology. Zoogeography. Fauna. Geographic distribution of animals 592/599 Systematic zoology 592 Invertebrata (invertebrates) 593.1 Protozoa 593.4 Porifera (sponges) 594 Mollusca. Bryozoa. Brachiopoda 595 Articulata 595.7 Hexapoda. Insecta (insects) 596/599 Chordata 596.2 Tunicata / Urochordata (tunicates) 597/599 Vertebrata (vertebrates) 597.2/.5 Pisces (fishes) (scientifically outdated) 597.3 Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) 597.31 Elasmobranchii 597.311 Galeomorphii 597.317 Batoidea 597.4/.5 Osteichthyes (bony fishes) 597.42/.55 Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) 597.42 Chondrostei 597.5 Teleostei (teleosts) 597.535 Anguilliformes 597.541 Clupeiformes 597.55 Euteleosti / Euteleostei 597.551 Ostariophysi 597.552 Protacanthopterygii 597.555 Paracanthopterygii 597.556 Acanthopterygii (spiny finned fishes) 597.6/.9 Amphibia (amphibians) 597.7 Gymnophiona (caecilians) 597.8 Anura (tailless amphibians) 597.9 Caudata (tailed amphibians) 597.91 Sirenidae 597.94 Salamandridae 598 Sauropsida. Synapsida 598.1/.2 Sauropsida 598.1 Reptilia (reptiles) 598.125 Testudinidae (tortoises) 598.16 Squamata (scaled reptiles) 598.161 Lacertilia (lizards) 598.162 Serpentes / Ophidia (snakes, serpents, ophidians) 598.166 Amphisbaenia (worm-lizards) 598.18 Crurotarsi 598.182 Crocodylomorpha 598.19 Avemetatarsalia (extinct) 598.191 Pterosauria (pterosaurs ) (extinct) 598.192 Dinosauria (dinosaurs) (extinct) 598.192.32 Tyrannosauridae (extinct) 598.192.63 Diplodocidae (extinct) 598.192.77 Ceratopsidae (extinct) 598.2 Aves (birds) 598.221 Struthioniformes (ratites) 598.231 Sphenisciformes. Spheniscidae (penguins) 598.233 Podicipediformes. Podicipedidae (grebes) 598.234 Procellariiformes 598.235 Pelecaniformes 598.24 Gruiformes. Charadriiformes. Ciconiiformes 598.241 Gruiformes 598.243 Charadriiformes 598.244 Ciconiiformes 598.25 Anseriformes 598.26 Galliformes. Columbiformes 598.271 Psittaciformes 598.272 Piciformes 598.274 Cuculiformes. Opisthocomiformes 598.279 Cathartiformes. Accipitriformes. Falconiformes. Strigiformes 598.282 Menuridae. Maluridae. Pardalotidae. Meliphagidae. Promeropidae. Callaeidae 598.283 Alaudidae 598.284 Hirundinidae 598.285 Motacillidae 598.286 Pycnonotidae. Aegithalidae. Acrocephalidae 598.287 Bombycillidae. Dulidae. Ptilogonatidae. Hypocoliidae 598.288 Cinclidae. Troglodytidae. Mimidae. Prunellidae. Turdidae. Silviidae. Muscicapidae. Timaliidae 598.289 Paridae. Sittidae. Certhiidae. Orthonychidae 598.291 Nectariniidae (sunbirds). Zosteropidae (white-eyes). Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers). Dicruridae (drongos). Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers). Pachycephalidae (whistlers) 598.292 Oriolidae (orioles). Laniidae (true shrikes). Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds). Regulidae (crests). Picathartidae (rockfowls) 598.293 Corvidae. Paradisaeidae (birds of paradise). Ptilonorhynchidae (bowerbirds). Climacteridae. Artamidae. Corcoracidae 598.294 Sturnidae. Passeridae. Ploceidae. Estrildidae 598.296 Fringillidae. Parulidae. Thraupidae. Emberizidae. Icteridae 599 Mammalia (mammals) 599.1 Prototheria 599.2 Metatheria 599.22 Diprotodontia 599.3/.8 Eutheria (placental mammals) 599.31 Pholidota. Xenarthra 599.311 Pholidota / Squamata. Manidae 599.312 Xenarthra / Edentata (xenarthrans / edentates) 599.32 Rodentia. Lagomorpha 599.322 Sciuromorpha. Castorimorpha. Anomaluromorpha 599.324 Hystricomorpha 599.325 Lagomorpha (lagomorphs) 599.35/.38 Insectivora (insectivorous mammals) 599.36 Soricomorpha. Erinaceomorpha 599.39 Dermoptera. Cynocephalidae 599.4 Chiroptera (bats) 599.5 Cetacea. Sirenia 599.51 Mysticeti (baleen whales) 599.53 Odontoceti (toothed whales) 599.55 Sirenia (sirenians / sea cows) 599.61/.73 Ungulata (ungulates / hoofed mammals) 599.61 Proboscidea (proboscideans) 599.62 Hyracoidea. Procaviidae 599.68 Tubulidentata. Orycteropodidae 599.72 Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) 599.721 Tapiridae (tapirs) 599.722 Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses) 599.723 Equidae 599.73 Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) 599.735 Ruminantia (ruminants) 599.74 Carnivora (carnivorans) 599.742.5 Viverridae 599.742.6 Hyaenidae 599.742.7 Felidae 599.743 Herpestidae. Eupleridae. Nandiniidae 599.744 Canidae. Ursidae. Musteloidea 599.745 Pinnipedia 599.78 Scandentia (treeshrews) 599.8 Primates 599.81 Prosimii (prosimians) 599.813 Lorisidae / Loriidae 599.815 Lemuridae. Lepilemuridae 599.818 Tarsiiformes. Tarsiidae (tarsiers) 599.82/.89 Simiiformes (simians) 599.82 Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) 599.85 Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecidae 599.88/.89 Hominoidea 599.88 Hylobatidae (lesser apes) 599.89 Hominidae (hominids / great apes)